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托福阅读题型概述

事实信息题或者称为细节题，是托福阅读考题的基本题型，考查的是提取关键词和在文章中定位解题信息的能力，主要检验考生对文章中某一具体内容和细节的把握。事实信息题的问题一般就是纯粹的事实层面上的问题，主要问作者说了什么，哪些信息是真的？此类题考查文章中某一部分的细节信息，不会涉及文章主旨，答案大多能在文章中直接找到，但个别答案则需要一些分析，考生应当能够将题干表述的信息定位到文章中相应句子之上以寻求答案。

提问方式

事实信息题通常都是以特殊疑问词开头的特殊疑问句，例如：

According to the paragraph,which of the following statements is true about X?

According to the paragraph,what/where/how……?

According to the paragraph,what does the author say about X?

综上提问方式，我们有看到一个非常明显的标示性表述，according to the paragraph,此表述表明我们所选的正确答案在原文中作者是明确描述出来的（explicitly stated）,这可以跟推断题区分开来。

托福阅读解题步骤详解

1.阅读题干，寻找定位词（key words）

哪样一些词可以充当定位词以让我们快速的去原文中来定位？我们会一些形式上比较特殊的词，如专有名词（人名/地名/特殊历史时期名），时间/数字，长难单词。如果题干中并未出现此类形式特殊的词，则我们会选择题干中的具体名词来定位，因为相对来讲，名词被同义替换的概率相对小一些，但是如果选择的此名词在原段落中出现多次则要学会使用非名词来定位。

下面具体说一下名词定位和非名词定位的优缺点。

名词定位有个好处是“词形不变”，但坏处是“它会在文章中多次出现”，与之相反，非名词定位的坏处是“词形会改变”，但好处是“一般只在文中出现一次”。可见，这两种定位方式是相辅相成的，所以要将二者结合在一起进行定位。

定位词在原文中呈现的方式会有两种，首先原词重现，其次同义替换，因此要求考生在备考前期要将词汇基础打牢，高频词及相应的同义词/近义词，甚至是反义词都要有所涉及，这样才能在考试时迅速识别同义替换进行精确定位。

例题1：

Paragraph 6:All this applies,of course,only to an adult leatherback.Hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat,even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems.We do not know how old,or how large,a leatherback has to be before it can switch from a cold-blooded to a warm-blooded mode of life.Leatherbacks reach their immense size in a much shorter time than it takes other sea turtles to grow.Perhaps their rush to adulthood is driven by a simple need to keep warm.（TPO15-Passage1）

11.According to paragraph 6,which of the following statements is most accurate about young leatherback turtles?

They lack the countercurrent exchange systems that develop in adulthood.

Their rate of growth is slower than that of other sea turtles.

They lose heat easily even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems.

They switch between cold-blooded and warm-blooded modes throughout their hatchling stage.

解析：此题可选定位词为young leatherback turtles,回段落中定位发现第二句话写到hatchlings，意为孵化出的幼体，则定位句非常肯定则为第二句话。不过此题如果真的不认识hatchling，考生还可以根据上下文大致推测，第 一句讲到“这只适用于成年海龟”，然后提到“hatchlings太小而不能…….”，所以可以看出前后两句有对比关系，推断出hatchling即为幼小的海龟，则定位到此句。当然的状态还是要积累足够的词汇以更加快速准确的定位。

注意：无定位词的题目。

所谓无定位词的题目，即为题干中出现的信息即为整个段落所描述的信息或是定位词即为段落主题。对于这种题目，无法精确定位到原文中的某一处具体信息，因此需要考生具备很强的信息筛选能力。在考试过程时间紧张的情况下，我们建议采取的策略是用选项来定位以迅速确定每个选项的正确性。

例题2：

Paragraph 6:Groundwater is stored in the pore spaces and joints of rocks and unconsolidated(unsolidified)sediments or in the openings widened through fractures and weathering.The water-saturated rock or sediment is known as an"aquifer".Because they are porous,sedimentary rocks,such as sandstones and conglomerates,are important potential sources of groundwater.Large quantities of water may also be stored in limestones when joints and cracks have been enlarged to form cavities.Most limestone and sandstone aquifers are deep and extensive but may contain groundwaters that are not being recharged.Most shallow aquifers in sand and gravel deposits produce lower yields,but they can be rapidly recharged.Some deep aquifers are known as"fossil waters.The term"fossil"describes water that has been present for several thousand years.These aquifers became saturated more than 10,000 years ago and are no longer being recharged.(TPO12-Passage3)

8.According to paragraph 6,which of the following statements about aquifers in deserts is true?

Water from limestone and sandstone aquifers is generally better to drink than water from sand and gravel aquifers

Sand and gravel aquifers tend to contain less groundwater than limestone or sandstone aquifers

Groundwater in deep aquifers is more likely to be recharged than groundwater in shallow aquifers

Sedimentary rocks,because they are porous,are not capable of storing large amounts of groundwater

解析：阅读题干定位词则为aquifers in deserts，但是浏览段落发现本段从第二句开始就一直在介绍aquifer,如果选择直接定位的话，则需要阅读的篇幅较长，并且读完段落再去看选项很容易遗忘信息导致浪费时间，因此我们选择从选项入手，利用选项中的信息定位到原文从而判断每个选项的真伪。

2.带着定位词在文章中定位相关信息，并精读定位句。

3.阅读选项，找到和定位句对应的同义改写，确定答案。

正确选项是正确定位句的同义改写，必须在意思上符合定位句所表达的信息。

例题3：

Paragraph 7:The probability that actual remains of soft tissue will be preserved is improved if the organism dies in an environment of rapid deposition and oxygen deprivation.Under such conditions,the destructive effects of bacteria are diminished.The Middle Eocene Messel Shale(from about 48 million years ago)of Germany accumulated in such an environment.The shale was deposited in an oxygen-deficient lake where lethal gases sometimes bubbled up and killed animals.Their remains accumulated on the floor of the lake and were then covered by clay and silt.Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons(hard outer coverings),frogs with skin and blood vessels intact,and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.(TPO20-Passage3)

11.According to paragraph 7,how do environments containing oxygen affect fossil preservation?

They increase the probability that soft-tissued organisms will become fossils.

They lead to more bacteria production.

They slow the rate at which clay and silt are deposited.

They reduce the chance that animal remains will be preserved.

解析：本篇文章的标题即为fossil preservation,所以在选择定位词时我们会舍弃文章主题类的词作为定位词，则我们应当选择environments containing oxygen为定位词，其中oxygen作为化学类的专业术语在原文中必定原词重现，所以很容易观察到段落中第 一句话就涉及到environment和oxygen.精读第 一句话，大意为“当生物体死在一个快速沉积和缺氧的环境下，软组织残骸被保存下来的可能性会增加。”原文中讲到的是缺氧的环境下，而题干中则是有氧的环境下，因此应当对原文中的信息取反，则为“在有氧环境下，生物体残骸被保存下来的可能性降低”，所以答案选D项。D项中chance与原文中的probability又是一组很简单的同义替换。对于本题很多原因做错的原因在于不认识“deprivation”一词，因此很难判断原文中描述的是“有氧环境”还是“缺氧环境”以至于答案选错。所以，要做对事实信息题，较关键的就是看懂原文，而看懂原文较重要的元素就是考生是否积累了足够的词汇量，是否认识丰富的短语和固定搭配，是否能正确分析句子结构，而这些都是需要考生在考前长期的积累，只有达到这种积累量才能做题的正确率，也才能从根本上切实提高自身的英语水平。

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