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并列逻辑是行文常见的一种逻辑结构，也是托福阅读易设置考点的地方。比如我们常见的and,or ,both, either …or, except, beyond, not only…but also, moreover等等都可以帮助我们识别并列。本文旨在介绍并列逻辑中的另一种常见现象，即抽象名词。通过介绍什么是抽象名词，以及其如何帮助我们识别逻辑，以帮助大家更准确解题。

抽象名词一般都是需要解释的词类，很多时候行文都会对抽象名词进行解释，比如大家比较熟悉的同位语从句。常见的抽象名词有：fact, result, consequence, benefit, improvement, possibility, advantage, disadvantage, fact, benefit, evidence, risk, advice, doubt, news, conclusion, view, likelihood, idea等。当出现以上名词复数时，行文小至段落，大至整篇文章多会呈现并列结构，把握好这一点可以帮助我们快速读懂文章结构，更好地理解文章并准确解题。下面以题为例。

例一：

The calling or singing plays an important role in their reproduction-specifically, in helping individuals find and select mates. Sound has many advantages as a communication signal. When sounds are broadcast, the auditory receptors do not need to be in a particular orientation relative to the sound source in order to receive stimulation. Loud songs, particularly those made by choruses of frogs calling together, can travel long distances and thus attract distant frogs. Sounds travel around large obstacles. These advantages are not found in the visual modality, where the receiver must be attentive and have its visual receptor orientated in the correct direction. Further, most frogs and toads breed at night, when light levels are low but sounds can be easily localized. We can conclude that auditory signals are used by frogs and toads because they can be effective over long distances at night.

1. According to paragraph1, all of the following are mentioned as true of the mating calls of frogs EXCEPT:

A. They can reach frogs in far-off locations.

B. They are not blocked by objects of substantial size.

C. They are often combined with nonauditory signals.

D. They can be received without the frog’s needing to orient itself toward the direction of the signal.

解析：通过Sound has many advantages as a communication signal.我们很容易发现抽象名词复数advantages,所以整段会并列讲声音的好处；后文When...Sounds travel around large obstacles. 并列讲了3个好处。下一句These advantages印证了并列结构。本道题是取非题，考并列信息，读懂结构后只需要一一对应三个好处即可解题。答案选C。

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